New book: "Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power"

Malcolm X: Revolutionary leader of the working class

Pathfinder Press has just published Malcolm X, Black Liberation, and the Road to Workers Power. The Militant will be running excerpts to help promote the book. We encourage our readers to buy and read it—and discuss the perspectives for a working-class revolution that Malcolm X was increasingly drawn to in the last year of his life.

Below is an excerpt from a March 28, 1987 speech by Jack Barnes, national secretary of the Socialist Workers Party, titled, “Malcolm X: Revolutionary Leader of the Working Class,” from Part I of the book.

On Dec. 4, 1963, Malcolm X, one of the most prominent leaders of the Nation of Islam at the time, was suspended by the group’s leader Elijah Muhammad. The suspension was ostensibly for making an unauthorized remark about the assassination of President John Kennedy; in reality differences had been developing for some time between Malcolm and the leadership of the Nation.

In March 1964 Malcolm X announced that he was leaving the Nation of Islam and organizing a new movement.

Copyright © 2009 by Pathfinder Press. Reprinted by permission.

*****
BY JACK BARNES
After March 1964 Malcolm began speaking and acting on his own, as a political leader. This is the Malcolm X whose speeches, interviews, and statements you’ve read in Pathfinder books. Whose thoughts and ideas many of you know to one degree or another. But this block of time—a grand total of fifty weeks, as it turned out, not even a full year—was precious for Malcolm. He had fifty weeks to organize, to go through new experiences, to reflect on those experiences and draw lessons, to collaborate with other revolutionists here and abroad, to discuss and work out his views, to improve and correct them, to face up to contradictions and begin resolving them. In short, to take the path that made Malcolm X who he was. To discover his worth.

Malcolm spent more than half that time abroad—nearly twenty-six weeks in Africa and the Middle East, and an additional two weeks plus in Britain and France. Those trips had a tremendous political impact on him.

So it was over the course of only twenty-two weeks in the United States that Malcolm began building two separate organizations—first the Muslim Mosque, Inc., and then, in June 1964, the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). It was during those weeks that he gave the big majority of speeches and interviews explaining his rapidly evolving revolutionary outlook to broader and broader audiences.

Many of the views Malcolm advocated and explained at the end of his life were quite different from those he had still held to one degree or another in March 1964. He had gone through not primarily an evolution, but overlapping revolutions, so to speak.

Malcolm X emerged on American soil as the most representative revolutionary leader with a mass hearing in the latter half of the twentieth century. He converged politically with other revolutionists the world over, including proletarian revolutionists, communists, here in the United States. He was going in the direction the world revolution was going, against colonialism and capitalism, and with those who were pushing revolutionary struggle forward. Many individuals, in many countries, who aspire to lead revolutions on their home turf are still catching up with Malcolm on many fronts.

Malcolm’s course during these final months is sometimes described as a new form of Pan-Africanism, and Malcolm himself used that term a few times. But “Pan-Africanism” captures neither the scope nor the revolutionary political character of Malcolm’s internationalism and anti-imperialism. Malcolm, of course, recognized the shared aspects of the oppression facing those of African origin—and of their resistance to that oppression. Because of the combined legacy of colonialism and chattel slavery, Blacks shared many such elements whether they lived and toiled in Africa itself, in the Caribbean and Latin America, in Europe, or what Malcolm, echoing Elijah Muhammad’s marvelous term, called “this wilderness of North America.”

“Many of us fool ourselves into thinking of Afro-Americans as those only who are here in the United States,” Malcolm said in one of his last talks, just five days before he was assassinated. “But the Afro-American is that large number of people in the Western Hemisphere, from the southernmost tip of South America to the northernmost tip of North America, all of whom have a common heritage and have a common origin when you go back to the history of these people… . [And when Africans] migrate to England, they pose a problem for the English. And when they migrate to France, they pose a problem for the French.”*

At the same time, Malcolm increasingly identified with, championed, and explained revolutionary struggles the world over—from the Chinese Revolution, to the Cuban Revolution, to battles for national liberation wherever they were being fought, and by people of whatever hue of skin color.

At this meeting tonight, however, I want to try to make the case that is perhaps the most important of all, not just for revolutionists in this country but those around the world. I want to make the case that Malcolm X was a revolutionary leader of the working class in the United States.

That may sound strange, for a number of reasons. It may sound strange because of the small degree of support Malcolm had among workers who were Caucasian, at least those he knew of. It may sound strange because of the weakened state of the labor movement and procapitalist positions of the union officialdom that I described earlier, views that were diametrically opposed to Malcolm’s. It may sound strange, if for no other reason than that Malcolm himself never directly addressed this question.

But the fact remains that the social and political transformations that will be wrought by a popular revolution in the United States—a revolution that will be led by the vanguard of the working class, or else go down to a bloody defeat—are decisive for the oppressed and exploited the world over. Among other things, the conquest of power by the working class and its allies—the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat—is the necessary step that can open the road for Blacks, and for all supporters of Black rights, to successfully fight to end racist oppression of every kind once and for all.

In the leadership of revolutionary working-class struggles in this country, workers who are Black will occupy a vanguard place and weight disproportionate to their numbers in the U.S. population. That’s what all modern history teaches us. That fact is testified to by the record of powerful social and political struggles in the United States: from battles during the closing years of the Civil War itself; to Radical Reconstruction and the efforts to prevent the imposition of peonage among the freed slaves; to the struggles that built farmers movements and the industrial unions in the 1920s and 1930s; to the mass proletarian movement that toppled Jim Crow segregation, fueled the rise of greater political self-confidence and nationalist consciousness among Blacks in the 1960s, and inspired what became the mass movement against the imperialist war in Vietnam.

Malcolm X was a legitimate political heir to all these struggles.

But who are Malcolm’s heirs?

Following his assassination, some who looked to Malcolm were disappointed because the political organization he founded and led, the OAAU, died with him. Given the enemies they faced, none of the relatively few OAAU cadres Malcolm had brought over from the Nation of Islam were able to step forward to carry on the fight and shoulder the leadership to continue Malcolm’s revolutionary political course. That’s a fact.

But the heirs of Malcolm X will come forward—all over the world, including right here in the United States—as revolutionary struggles advance, as the exploited and oppressed organize to resist the devastating consequences of capitalist crises and imperialist domination and wars. More leaders like Malcolm will come forward, including in the labor movement. And they will need to know who Malcolm was, what Malcolm stood for, what he fought for and dedicated his life to.